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PHI 130 DePaul University Philosophy Aristotle Paper
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1 Ô 2 3 & 4 5 6 7 8 tab U Points Available: 15 for each Question-Reflection PHIL 130-016 Philosophy and Persons Guidelines for Questions-Reflections J You are to turn in 3 well-pondered Questions-Reflections (Q-R). M. 1. PURPOSE a. The main goal of this assignment is for you to spend some additional quality time with one or more of the texts we will study-additional in the sense that you should already spend least three hours to prepare yourself for each lesson. b. The practical purpose of this assignment is to prepare you for the Final Paper by practicing arguments, reflections, and lines of inquiry about the texts we are studying. 2. CONTENT a. Generalities: i. Each Q-R must be about one or more of the texts we are studying (see Section IV.1.b of the Syllabus); make sure you refer precisely to the text(s) you are discussing in each Q-R. ii. The focus of each Q-R must be the arguments found in the texts we are studying, not mere agreement or disagreement with the authors. iii. No Q-R can be about any of the texts you are assigned for your Text Summary and Summary Review (see the back of this sheet). b. In actual practice, each Q-R can be one or more of the following: i. A question about an aspect of a text that either interests you or with which you are having some difficulties. ii. A reflection about an aspect of a text which you found interesting. iii. A critique of an aspect of a text with which you happen to disagree. Note: If you decide to write a critique, make sure that the author you are writing about does not meet your objections in other parts of the work. iv. A reasoned summary of a portion of a text which you did not understand. 3. DEADLINES, LENGTH, AND FORMAT a. Each Q-R must be about the readings assigned prior to the deadline of that Q-R but not earlier than the deadline of the previous Q-R (see Section V of the Syllabus for deadlines). b. Each Q-R must be typed in 350–600 words, double-spaced, and turned in as a hard copy on or before its due date. 4. GRADING a. Since the main goal of this assignment is to prepare you for the Final Paper, as long as you turn in a Q-R, you will not receive less than 10 points for it. b. The grading is as follows: i. 14-15 points: you are doing what the assignment is asking of you. ii. 12–13 points: you are generally doing what the assignment is asking of you, but you failed to comply with one or more of the directives given above. iii. 10–11 points: you generally failed to do what the assignment is asking of you. N Х С V B N M. ARISTOTLE, Categories 1-5 | Three Complementary Divisions of Beings (ővta) by ALBERTO BERTOZZI | Fall 2015 THREEFOLD DIVISION OF BEINGS (Antepraedicamenta I] (Categories 1) Last updated: September 2018 DIVISION OF BEINGS TENFOLD DIVISION OF BEINGS, DEFINITION Homonymous Things with a name in common, but not the account of the EXAMPLE (exemplifying words are in italic) [RELATED WORD]* or CATEGORIES (Praedicamentalt (ομώνυμα) (Categories 4–5; 5-9 for explanations) essence corresponding to the name When a man and a painted animal are [Equivocal] Synonymous referred to as animal 1. Substance (oùgia) Things with both the name and the account of the essence a. Primary (ītporn oúcia): indi- (συνώνυμα) corresponding to the name in common When a man and an ox are referred to (Univocal] vidual (tóde tı)—e.g., this man as animal Paronymous Things with names derived from something else but with a b. Secondary (dettepa oùgia): (παρώνυμα) different inflection Grammarian from grammar [Analogical] i. Genus (YÉVOS) —e.g., animal ii. Species (cidos)—e.g., man These distinctions are not explicitly found in the Categories, but belong to later interpretations of the work, probably beginning with Boethius’ Commentary (PL 64.1630–168d). ACCIDENTS FOURFOLD DIVISION OF BEINGS (Antepraedicamenta II] (Categories 2, with some material based on Categories 3 and 5) 2. Quantity (TÓGov)—e.g., two feet DIVISION OF BEINGS long BEINGS FOUND IN THE DIVISION EXAMPLE (exemplifying words are in italic) 3. Quality (Trolov)—e.g., white Said of a subject, but Secondary substances (i.e., genera and species), or substances which are 4. Relative (Ttpós ti—e.g., double not in a subject universal This individual man (subject) is a man. 5. Where, or place (TOū) —e.g., in the In a subject, but Lyceum not said of a subject Accidents (1.e., non-substances) which are particular An individual instance of grammatical knowledge is in the soul 6. When, or time (TÓTE) —e.g., (subject) yesterday Both said of a subject Knowledge is both in the soul (subject) and is said of grammar and in a subject Accidents (i.e., non-substances) which are universal 7. Position (kelodai-e.g., sitting (subject)—grammar being a kind of knowledge. 8. Having, or state (ŠXEL) —e.g., Neither in a subject An individual man is running. having shoes on nor said of a subject Primary substances (i.e., individuals), or substances which are particular 9. Acting on (Toi£īv)—e.g., cutting 10. Being acted on (Ttúoxewv)—e.g., Basic Glossary Some Observations being cut Accident or Coincident (ouußeßnkós): Roughly, a non-essential property of a being in any (roughly based on the traditional—Medieval—interpretation) given category (see Tenfold Division of Beings 2–10). 1. What is said of a subject is a universal, what is not said of a Categories or Predications (katnyopíaı): The genera of predication answering to questions subject is a particular such as “What is it?”, “Of what sort?”, “How much?”, etc. See Tenfold Division of Beings. 2. What is said of a subject is predicated of it essentially (e.g., + This list is found in Categories 4.1b26- 27 and in Topics 1.9.103b21-23. Shorter Essence (ovoia): The “what” of a thing, whose account is given in a definition. See also Substance. Socrates is a man); what is in a subject is predicated of it appear in Physics V.1.225b5–7 In a subject (ÉV ÚTOKELMÉVO (Eīvai]): The phrase denotes a relation of ontological accidentally (e.g., Socrates is wise). (omitting position and having and in dependence between (1) a subject and (2) what belongs to it accidentally. (1) and (2) need not 3. What is predicated of something said of a subject is also Metaphysics XI. 12.1068a8–9 (omitting belong to the same category. transitively predicated of that subject (e.g., animal is position, having, and, for different reasons, time). Particular (kad’Kaotov): Roughly, what cannot be predicated of many things (e.g., Socrates), predicated of man; man is said of Socrates; thus, animal is as opposed to universal, which can be so predicated (e.g., man). transitively predicated of Socrates). Predicate (katnyopoúpevov): It is what is said about a subject. 4. What is in a subject is an accident, what is not in a subject is a Said of a subject (καθ’ υποκειμένου τινός λέγεσθαι): The phrase denotes a relation of substance. FURTHER CLASSIFICATIONS ontological classification between (1) a subject and (2) its (primarily natural) kind, which is 5. What is in a subject is an accident, but the subject it is in is not [Postpraedicamenta (Categories 10–15) essential to the subject. (1) and (2) belong to the same category. necessarily a substancee.g., Socrates walks slowly: an 1. Contrariety. 4 types (Cat. 10–11) Subject (Umokejuevov): It is (1) what a statement is about (not necessarily the grammatical accident (slowly) is in a subject (walks) which also happens 2. Priority. 5 types (Cat. 12) subject of a sentence), (2) that which underlies some change, or, (3) in the case of primary to be an accident. 3. Simultaneity. 3 types (Cat. 13) substance, both (1) and (2). 6. What is in a subject is in it not as a part and cannot exist 4. Motion. 6 types (Cat. 14) Substance (ovoia): The first of the categories and the ultimate subject of the accidents. It can be without that subject. 5. “To have”! 6 ordinary senses, but primary or secondary (see Tenfold Division of Beings 1). See also Essence. 7. Something cannot be both in and said of the same subject (e.g., others may be found (Cat. 15) Universal (kadóhov): See Particular. knowledge is in the soul, but cannot be said of the soul). lists Primary sources: ARISTOTLE, Categoriae et Liber de interpretatione (ed. Minio Paluello, 1949) | BOETHIUS, In Categorias Aristotelis libri quatuor (in: Patrologia Latina (= PL) vol. 64, ed. Migne, 1847) Secondary sources: ARISTOTLE, Selections (ed. T. Irwin & G. Fine, 1995) | M. COHN: http://faculty.washington.edu/ smcohen/ 320/cats320.htm | P. STUDTMANN: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ aristotle-categories/#NotSaiNotre
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