Critical Essays

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Critical Essays

In an introductory paragraph:

• Identify a claim and accompanying argument from one of the course texts as the topic of the essay
• Motivate this argument by briefly explaining the larger issue at stake, it’s general importance, or it’s importance for understanding a particular author’s view.
• Give a preview of what your objection (see below) will be in a brief and general way.
In two or (more likely!) more substantial paragraphs:
• Explicate this argument step by step, using the text as your guide and directly citing the text for support. Explain each step of the argument in your own words and identify and explain any technical or ambiguous concepts that it contains. Show how each step fits with the others, and adds up to make an argument.
In no more than two substantial paragraphs:
• Present an objection to the argument that you have reconstructed in the first part of the paper. Bad objections include but are by no means limited to: (1) merely rhetorical questions (e.g., “What about this other thing?”), (2) pointing out errors of fact (e.g., “The Treaty of Tordesillas was actually signed in 1494”), or (3) reference to discoveries, events, or cultural changes that the author couldn’t have known about (e.g., “Automobiles can operate with electric engines”). Good objections include but are by no means limited to: (1) pointing out the equivocal use of a concept or term (e.g., “Cicero uses the word ‘know’ in two different ways in his argument”), (2) point out a contradiction within the argument or between a premise of it and something else the author says (e.g., “Montaigne’s observation about the change of fashions conflicts with what he says in another essay”), or (3) logical or inferential error (e.g., “The strong conclusion that Williams draws in this argument does not actually follow from what he has said previously.”).

USE FROM THESE CHAPTERS ONLY

Michel de Montaigne, Essays, “On Fear” (I.18), “To philosophize is to learn how to die”
(I.20)
“On Educating Children” (I.28)
“That it is madness to judge . . .” (I.27), “On the
Cannibals” (I.31), “Judgments on God’s ordinances . . .” (I.32)
“On Solitude” (I.39)
“On the Inconstancy of Our Actions” (II.1)
“On cruelty” (II.11), “On coaches” (III.6)
“On repenting” (III.2), “On experience” (III.13)