KLP Task 2 – Community Outbreak for Community Health

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KLP Task 2 – Community Outbreak for Community Health

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KLP Task 2 – Community Outbreak
KLP Task 2 – Community Outbreak for Community Health at WGU

University
Western Governors University
Course
Application of Community Health and Focused Nursing (C228)
Academic year2021/2022

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KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak

Rachael Morrison Western Governors University C228: Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing Instructor: Julie Hawkinson November 23, 2021

What is the Zika virus? Zika is a viral illness that is spread through the bites of certain species of infected mosquitoes. According to the CDC, Zika can be transmitted from a pregnant mother to the unborn fetus and may cause birth defects including microcephaly or congenital Zika syndrome. Congenital Zika syndrome is defined by the CDC as “a unique pattern of birth defects and disabilities found among fetuses and babies infected with Zika virus during pregnancy” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Manifestations of this condition include severe microcephaly, decreased brain tissue, eye damage, limited range of motion in the joints, and increased muscle tone which restricts body movement (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). There are no vaccines or medications specifically formulated to treat Zika. People affected by the Zika virus may be asymptomatic or will only develop mild symptoms. These symptoms include fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, and muscle pain. Symptoms may persist for days or weeks, but do not typically require hospitalization (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). History of Zika and Countries Affected The Zika virus is named after the Ugandan forest in which it was first identified in 1947. Researchers from the Rockefeller Foundation had been studying the yellow fever virus in monkeys when one of them developed fever and viremia (Weaver, 2016). Upon further testing, the researchers found that the Zika virus had been introduced to the monkeys by certain species of mosquitoes who had been infected. The first human cases of Zika virus were reported in Nigeria in 1954. Zika virus was later detected in Asia for the first time in 1966 when researchers isolated the virus from A. aegypti

Following the increase in cases of babies being born with microcephaly in the areas affected by Zika in Brazil, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the virus as a public health emergency (Weaver, 2016). Zika continued to spread around the globe in 2016. Haiti reported transmission of the Zika virus on January 4; Barbados, Ecuador, and Guyana reported their first cases on January 15; Bolivia on January 16; Saint Martin and Guadeloupe on January 18; the Dominican Republic on January 23; the U. Virgin Islands on January 25; Nicaragua on January 27; Curacao on January 28; Costa Rica on January 29; the United States of America on February 5; the island of Bonaire on February 15; the island of Aruba on February 16; Trinidad and Tobago on February 18; Argentina on February 26; Cuba on March 16; Saint Lucia on April 7; Peru and Saint Barthelemy on April 29; Grenada on May 5; Belize on May 16; Turks and Caicos on July 25; Canada on August 5; the Bahamas on August 10 (Sanchez, 2016). Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors The primary epidemiological determinant of the Zika virus is the vector, infected Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. These species of mosquitoes are native to tropical, subtropical, and some temperate climates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Ae. aegypti mosquitoes tend to live near people and prefer to feed on human blood, so they are especially likely to act as vectors for the spread of Zika, dengue, chikugunya, and other viruses (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Risk factors for the Zika virus include exposure to the virus through a bite from an infected mosquito, being bitten by an infected mosquito during pregnancy, sexual activity with an infected person, receiving a blood transfusion from an infected person, or travelling to places with known cases of Zika. The biggest risk factor falls upon those

who are pregnant and become infected as the virus is transmitted from mother to baby, resulting in birth defects. Route of Transmission The easiest route of transmission for the Zika virus is through a bite from an infected mosquito. The CDC shares that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes tend to lay their eggs in or around standing water in things such as buckets, bowls, animal dishes, flower pots, and vases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). However, the Zika virus may also be spread through sexual activity with a person infected with the virus or through receiving a blood transfusion from someone who has been infected with Zika. Furthermore, a pregnant mother can pass the virus to her fetus and can also spread Zika to a newborn through breast milk. How a Zika Outbreak Would Impact My Community at a Systems Level I live in a suburban area of Washington County, a suburban area of Portland, Oregon. There are five hospitals in the county that serve a population of 572,071 people in a 725 square mile radius (Hospitals – Washington County, n.). There are a total of 46 schools in the county. If a Zika outbreak were to occur in my area, I believe that we would be adequately prepared to handle the situation. I would assume that similar protocols to the ones seen during the COVID-19 pandemic would be implemented and strictly enforced by the county and cases would be closely monitored. Schools may hold classes through online platforms to minimize the spread of the disease. Hospitals may reach capacity levels and may require utilization of other facilities to accommodate the patient overflow. Public service announcements would be broadcasted encouraging the public to minimize social contact and practice proper hand hygiene and disinfection

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, July 24). Zika transmission.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from cdc/zika/prevention/transmission-methods.html.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, May 14). Birth defects. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from cdc/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, October 7). Overview. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from cdc/zika/about/overview.html.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, March 11). Potential range of Aedes

aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States, 2017. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from cdc/mosquitoes/mosquito-control/professionals/range.html#:~:te xt=About%20these%20mosquitoes-,Aedes%20aegypti,%2C%20chikungunya% C%20and%20other%20viruses.

Hospitals – Washington County, or (Emergency & Medical Care). County Office. (n.).

Retrieved November 23, 2021, from countyoffice/or-washington-county-hospitals/.

Sanchez, J. D. (2016, April 29). Paho/who: Timeline of emergence of zika virus in the

Americas. Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from www3.paho/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id= 9%3Atimeline-of-emergence-of-zika-virus-in-the-americas&Itemid=41711&lang=e n.

Weaver, S. C., Costa, F., Garcia-Blanco, M. A., Ko, A. I., Ribeiro, G. S., Saade, G., Shi,

P.-Y., & Vasilakis, N. (2016, June). Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for Control. Antiviral research. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from ncbi.nlm.nih/pmc/articles/PMC4851879/.

Zika virus information for Oregon Health Care Providers. Oregon Health Authority : Zika

Virus Information for Oregon Health Care Providers : Zika Virus : State of Oregon. (n.). Retrieved November 23, 2021, from oregon/oha/PH/DISEASESCONDITIONS/DISEASESAZ/ZIKA/P ages/zika-providers.
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KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 1
KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak
Rachael Morrison
Western Governors University
C228: Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing
Instructor: Julie Hawkinson
November 23, 2021
KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 2
What is the Zika virus?
Zika is a viral illness that is spread through the bites of certain species of infected
mosquitoes. According to the CDC, Zika can be transmitted from a pregnant mother to
the unborn fetus and may cause birth defects including microcephaly or congenital Zika
syndrome. Congenital Zika syndrome is defined by the CDC as “a unique pattern of
birth defects and disabilities found among fetuses and babies infected with Zika virus
during pregnancy” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). Manifestations
of this condition include severe microcephaly, decreased brain tissue, eye damage,
limited range of motion in the joints, and increased muscle tone which restricts body
movement (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019). There are no vaccines
or medications specifically formulated to treat Zika. People affected by the Zika virus
may be asymptomatic or will only develop mild symptoms. These symptoms include
fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, and muscle pain. Symptoms may persist for
days or weeks, but do not typically require hospitalization (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2019).
History of Zika and Countries Affected
The Zika virus is named after the Ugandan forest in which it was first identified in

1947. Researchers from the Rockefeller Foundation had been studying the yellow fever
      virus in monkeys when one of them developed fever and viremia (Weaver, 2016). Upon
      further testing, the researchers found that the Zika virus had been introduced to the
      monkeys by certain species of mosquitoes who had been infected. The first human
      cases of Zika virus were reported in Nigeria in 1954. Zika virus was later detected in
      Asia for the first time in 1966 when researchers isolated the virus from A. aegypti
      KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 3
      mosquitoes in Malaysia. However, the first human cases of Zika virus would not present
      until 1977 in Java, Indonesia (Weaver, 2016).
      Though Zika had affected small groups of people in Africa and Asia during the
      20th century, the first significant outbreaks of the virus did not take place until 2007.
      That year, an outbreak in Central Africa affected 4,312 people. The same year, another
      outbreak occurred in Micronesia during which 49 confirmed cases and 59 probable
      cases were reported (Weaver, 2016). In 2013, Zika hit French Polynesia and spread to
      other islands (New Caledonia, Cook Islands, Easter Island) where Aedes aegypti and A.
      albopictus mosquitoes are found. This outbreak affected roughly 28,000 people and
      was the first outbreak to reveal the association of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) with
      the Zika virus (Weaver, 2016).
      During the later part of 2014, Zika emerged in Brazil where groups of people
      were presenting with rashes, fevers, and joint pain. The number of cases rose rapidly
      during the first few months of 2015. Brazilian researchers hypothesized that Zika
      entered the country either during the World Cup that had taken place during June and
      July of 2014 or during the World Sprint Championships that took place in August of
      2014 (Sanchez, 2016). As 2015 progressed, cases began to present in other countries
      in the Americas including Colombia on October 16, Suriname on November 2, El
      Salvador on November 16, Guatemala on November 25, Paraguay on November 27,
      Venezuela and Mexico on November 30, Panama on December 2, Honduras on
      December 16, French Guiana and Martinique on December 21, and Puerto Rico on
      December 30 (Sanchez, 2016).
      Why is this page out of focus?
      This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document.
      KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 4
      Following the increase in cases of babies being born with microcephaly in the
      areas affected by Zika in Brazil, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the
      virus as a public health emergency (Weaver, 2016). Zika continued to spread around
      the globe in 2016. Haiti reported transmission of the Zika virus on January 4; Barbados,
      Ecuador, and Guyana reported their first cases on January 15; Bolivia on January 16;
      Saint Martin and Guadeloupe on January 18; the Dominican Republic on January 23;
      the U.S. Virgin Islands on January 25; Nicaragua on January 27; Curacao on January
      28; Costa Rica on January 29; the United States of America on February 5; the island of
      Bonaire on February 15; the island of Aruba on February 16; Trinidad and Tobago on
      February 18; Argentina on February 26; Cuba on March 16; Saint Lucia on April 7; Peru
      and Saint Barthelemy on April 29; Grenada on May 5; Belize on May 16; Turks and
      Caicos on July 25; Canada on August 5; the Bahamas on August 10 (Sanchez, 2016).
      Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors
      The primary epidemiological determinant of the Zika virus is the vector, infected
      Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. These species of mosquitoes are native to
      tropical, subtropical, and some temperate climates (Centers for Disease Control and
      Prevention, 2020). Ae. aegypti mosquitoes tend to live near people and prefer to feed
      on human blood, so they are especially likely to act as vectors for the spread of Zika,
      dengue, chikugunya, and other viruses (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
      2020). Risk factors for the Zika virus include exposure to the virus through a bite from
      an infected mosquito, being bitten by an infected mosquito during pregnancy, sexual
      activity with an infected person, receiving a blood transfusion from an infected person,
      or travelling to places with known cases of Zika. The biggest risk factor falls upon those
      KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 5
      who are pregnant and become infected as the virus is transmitted from mother to baby,
      resulting in birth defects.
      Route of Transmission
      The easiest route of transmission for the Zika virus is through a bite from an
      infected mosquito. The CDC shares that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes
      tend to lay their eggs in or around standing water in things such as buckets, bowls,
      animal dishes, flower pots, and vases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
      2019). However, the Zika virus may also be spread through sexual activity with a person
      infected with the virus or through receiving a blood transfusion from someone who has
      been infected with Zika. Furthermore, a pregnant mother can pass the virus to her fetus
      and can also spread Zika to a newborn through breast milk.
      How a Zika Outbreak Would Impact My Community at a Systems Level
      I live in a suburban area of Washington County, a suburban area of Portland,
      Oregon. There are five hospitals in the county that serve a population of 572,071 people
      in a 725 square mile radius (Hospitals – Washington County, n.d.). There are a total of
      46 schools in the county. If a Zika outbreak were to occur in my area, I believe that we
      would be adequately prepared to handle the situation. I would assume that similar
      protocols to the ones seen during the COVID-19 pandemic would be implemented and
      strictly enforced by the county and cases would be closely monitored. Schools may hold
      classes through online platforms to minimize the spread of the disease. Hospitals may
      reach capacity levels and may require utilization of other facilities to accommodate the
      patient overflow. Public service announcements would be broadcasted encouraging the
      public to minimize social contact and practice proper hand hygiene and disinfection
      KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 6
      practices. Local businesses may close temporarily as cases fluctuate and restaurants
      may offer take-out/delivery options to limit customers dining in close proximity.
      Reporting Protocol if a Zika Outbreak Were to Occur in My Community
      In the state of Oregon, healthcare providers have a mandatory obligation to
      report suspected, presumptive, and confirmed cases of the Zika virus to local health
      departments in the patient’s county of residence within one day (Zika VIrus Information
      for Oregon Health Care Providers, n.d.). The protocol in Washington County allows
      reporters to provide case information by telephone or fax.
      Strategies to Prevent an Outbreak of Zika in My Community
      Educating the community about the Zika virus (how it is transmitted, signs and
      symptoms, what to do if they suspect being infected, etc) can be a powerful tool in the
      prevention of a disease outbreak. This can be achieved using various methods
      including public service broadcasts on local radio stations and television channels, text
      messages from local health facilities, signs and posters placed in visible areas, or
      printed on large billboards. Social media is also a strong method of communication to
      large numbers of people at once. By educating the public about the virus, people can be
      better equipped and prepared to protect themselves and others from Zika. Another way
      to prevent a Zika outbreak is to eliminate as many breeding opportunities for
      mosquitoes as possible. Since Oregon is notorious for frequent rainfall and wet
      environments, encouraging the public to dump outdoor containers that hold standing
      water can have a significant effect on the reduction of mosquito populations. This is
      especially important since bites from infected mosquitoes are the primary way in which
      Zika is transmitted.
      Why is this page out of focus?
      This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document.
      KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 7
      References
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, July 24). Zika transmission.
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from
      https://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/transmission-methods.html.
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, May 14). Birth defects. Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from
      https://www.cdc.gov/zika/healtheffects/birth_defects.html.
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, October 7). Overview. Centers for
      Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from
      https://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/overview.html.
      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, March 11). Potential range of Aedes
      aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the United States, 2017. Centers for Disease
      Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 23, 2021, from
      https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/mosquito-control/professionals/range.html#:~:te
      xt=About%20these%20mosquitoes-,Aedes%20aegypti,%2C%20chikungunya%2
      C%20and%20other%20viruses.
      Hospitals – Washington County, or (Emergency & Medical Care). County Office. (n.d.).
      Retrieved November 23, 2021, from
      https://www.countyoffice.org/or-washington-county-hospitals/.
      KLP Task 2: Community Outbreak (Zika) 8
      Sanchez, J. D. (2016, April 29). Paho/who: Timeline of emergence of zika virus in the
      Americas. Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization.
      Retrieved November 22, 2021, from
      https://www3.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1195
      9%3Atimeline-of-emergence-of-zika-virus-in-the-americas&Itemid=41711&lang=e
      n.
      Weaver, S. C., Costa, F., Garcia-Blanco, M. A., Ko, A. I., Ribeiro, G. S., Saade, G., Shi,
      P.-Y., & Vasilakis, N. (2016, June). Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and
      prospects for Control. Antiviral research. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from
      https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851879/.
      Zika virus information for Oregon Health Care Providers. Oregon Health Authority : Zika
      Virus Information for Oregon Health Care Providers : Zika Virus : State of
      Oregon. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2021, from
      https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/DISEASESCONDITIONS/DISEASESAZ/ZIKA/P
      ages/zika-providers.aspx.
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